Biotechnology, a discipline that merges biology with technology, has emerged as one of the most transformative fields of the 21st century. By harnessing living organisms, biomolecules, and cellular processes, scientists and engineers are developing innovative solutions to address some of the world’s most pressing challenges—from curing diseases and feeding a growing population to producing sustainable materials and energy. This article will explore the fundamental principles of biotechnology, examine its key areas of application, highlight recent advancements, discuss ethical and regulatory considerations, and offer a glimpse into the field’s future trajectory.